M4Period4教學設計廣東省梅州市蕉嶺中學胡美娜Period4GrammarTeachingImportantPoints1.Targetlanguagea.Importantphrases.achievement,inspire,worthwhile,observe,institute,respect,condition,argue,entertainmentb.Keysentences.OurgroupsareallgoingtovisitthechimpsintheforestOurgroupincludessixboysandfivegirls.2.Abilitygoals

a.Enlargevocabularybylearningword-formation.b.LearntouseSubject-verbagreementcorrectly.3.Learningabilitygoals

Teachstudentshowtoenlargevocabularybyword-formationandhowtousesubject-verbagreement.TeachingimportantpointsNounSuffixinword-formation.Subject-verbagreementofcollectivenouns.

TeachingDifficultPoints

Enablestudentstousecollectivenounscorrectly,byunderstandingtheirmeaningsincertainsituations.TeachingMethods

Letstudentsdotheexercises,andthencollecttheiranswers.Askthemtoconcludetherulesandthengivethemsomeexplanation.TeachingAids

A

projector.Teachingprocedures&ways

Step1

RevisionReviewthetextbycheckingtheanswersforExercises2,3and4onPage4and5.Theseexercisesareabouttheusefulwordsthatappearinthetext.Step2

DiscoveringusefulstructuresTellstudentswhattheyshoulddonext.

AskthemtoreadtheEXAMPLEinExercise1onPage5.

Makesurethattheyknowwhattheyshoulddo.

FinishExercise1,

andchecktheanswers.T:Doyouhaveanyquestions?Ss:Sometimesit'sdifficulttodecidewhetherthemeaningofthesubjecttendstosingleorplurality.T:Thisisagoodquestion.Althoughweknowthatifthewordreferstodifferentmembers,useaplural,andifthewordisconsideredasawhole,useasingularverb,westillfinditisdifficulttousethisinourpractice.Ithinkwhatweshoulddoistopracticeagainandagain.Trytoexperiencethemeaningofthewordinthesituation.That'sthewaytosolvethisproblem.Ok,let'sfinishExercise2onPage5.Letstudentsdoit.Theycanhaveadiscussiontochecktheanswers.Afterthat,checkwiththewholeclass,tofactteachershouldenlargethisstructureforstudents.DiegrammarchartinthereferencebookonPage5,isagoodonetoletstudentsknowmoreaboutsubject-verbagreement.Ifpossibleteachercouldshowallthegrammarknowledgetostudents.ThisisespeciallyusefulforthosewhowouldliketolearnEnglishGrammar.主謂一致

主謂一致有許多原則，概括起來不外乎三種一致原則，即語法形式一致，概念一致（語言內容上一致），毗鄰一致（謂語動詞的單復數形式和緊位于其前的主語一致）。

1.語法形式一致:按主語的語法形式(單復數)確定謂語的形式（1）單數主語、單個動詞不定式、動名詞短語以及句子作主語，謂語動詞要用單數形式。復數主語，用and或both…and連接的動詞不定式短語、動名詞短語以及主語從句作主語，謂語動詞則用復數形式。例如：

1)Theperformancewasveryfunny.

2)Servingthepeopleismygreathappiness.

3)Whetherwe’llgodependsontheweather.

4)Manynaturalmaterialsarebecomingscarce.

5)BothyouandIare

students.

6)WhatIthinkandwhatIseekhavebeenfairlyreflectedinmypaper.

注1：在what引導的主語從句中，如果主語補語是復數時，謂語動詞用復數形式。例如：

Whatwehavetolearnarethepiecesoflanguagethatproduceinversion.

注2：修飾語對主語的數不起影響。例如：

Theperformanceofthefirstthreeclownswasveryfunny.（2）由aswellas,with,alongwith,like,togetherwith,ratherthan,except,but,including,accompaniedby,plus,besides,inadditionto,nolessthan等引起的結構跟在主語后面，不能看作是并列主語，該主語不受這些詞組引導的插入語的影響，主語如是單數，其謂語動詞仍然用單數形式。例如：

1)Mymother,aswellasmyfather,hasakeytotheoffice.

2)ThemantogetherwithhiswifeandchildrensitstherewatchingTV.

3)Hissisternolessthanyouiswrong.

4)Thereadingcoursebook,plusitsreferencebooks,ishelpfultocollegestudents.(3)有些代詞只能指單數可數名詞，當它們在句子中作主語時，盡管在意義上是多數，謂語動詞仍要用單數形式。這類代詞有either,neither,each,one,theother,another,somebody,someone,something,anyone,anything,anybody,everyone,everything,everybody,noone,nothing,nobody等。例如：

1)Neitherlikesthefriendsoftheother.(兩人都不喜歡對方的朋友。)

2)Everythingaroundusismatter.(我們周圍的所有東西都是物質。)(4)在neitherof與eitherof的結構里，一般語法書都認為謂語動詞可用單數形式也可用復數形式，一般用單數形式。例如：

1)Neitherofthemwasingoodhealth,butbothworkedveryhard.

2)Haseitherofthembeenseenrecently?(5)當and連結的兩個名詞是指同一個人或同一件事，and后的名詞前沒有冠詞，謂語動詞應該用單數形式；在and后面的名詞前有冠詞，謂語就用復數形式。例如：

1)Thebreadandbutterisservedforbreakfast.(早飯供應黃油面包。)

2)Thebreadandthebutterareonsale.(正在出售黃油和面包。)(aneedleandthread,ahorseandcart,awatchandchain,acoatandtie,truthandhonesty,medicalhelpandcure,

這些都用單數)（6）當oneof,aportionof,aseriesof,aspeciesof,achainof結構作主語時，謂語動詞要用單數形式。例如：

1)Oneofthosestudentshaspassedtheexamination.

2)Aseriesofpre-recordedtapeshasbeenpreparedforlanguagelaboratoryuse.（7）plentyof,halfof,alotof,lotsof,heapsof,loadsof,scadsof等+可數與不可數名詞作主語時，不可數名詞的謂語只用單數，可數名詞的謂語視可數名詞的單復數而定。例如：

1）Halfofthisbuildingistobecompletedbyspring.

2）Halfofthebuildingshavebeenpaintedcompletely.

3）Thereisplentyofwaterinthepail.

4）Thereareplentyofeggsinthebox.

5）Thereisloadsofmilkonthefarm.

6）Thereareloadsofbigredapplesontheground.（8）由allof,mostof,alotof,someof,noneof,plentyof,therest,themajorityof等+名詞作主語時，謂語動詞的單復數形式應與名詞的單復數一致。例如：

1）Noneofthebookssatisfythestudents.

2）Noneofthismeatisfittoeat.

3）Alloftheresearchworkwasdesignedbythechiefengineer.

4）Allofthestudentsareagainsttheplanforanoutingatthistimeoftheterm.

5)Themajorityofthedamageiseasytorepair.

6)Themajorityofcriminalsarenon-violent.（9）由morethanone(或morethanone+單數名詞)，manya+單數名詞作主語，謂語動詞要用單數形式。例如：

1）Morethanonestudenthaspassedtheexamination.

2）Manyaboylearnstoswimbeforehecanread.

注：如果morethan后面是復數名詞，則謂語動詞要用復數。

例如：Morethantwohundredstudentshaveattendedthelecture.（10）quantityof+不可數名詞，謂語動詞用單數形式;quantitiesof+可數與不可數名詞，謂語動詞用復數形式。例如：

1）Greatquantitiesofmilkareneededinthiscity.

2）Thereisalargequantityofmilk.（11）如果名詞詞組中心詞是“分數或百分數+of+名詞”，謂語動詞的單、復數形式取決于of后的名詞或代詞的單、復數形式。例如：

1）Overthree-quartersoftheswamplandhasbeenreclaimed.

2）Two-thirdsofthepeoplepresentareagainsttheplan.（12）定語從句謂語動詞的單復數形式應與先行詞一致。例如：

1）Heisoneofthemenwhowerechosentorepresentthegroup.

2）“Keepcool”isthefirstoftherulesthataretoberememberedinanaccident.

注：當one之前有theonly等限定詞修飾時，定語從句的謂語動詞用單數形式。例如：

Heistheonlyoneofthoseboyswhoiswillingtotakeonanotherassignment.2.概念一致（語言內容上一致）（1）有些集合名詞如crowd,family,team,orchestra（管弦樂隊）,group,government,committee,class,school,union,firm,staff,public等，它們作主語時，謂語動詞的數要根據語言內容而定。如果它們作為一個集體單位時，動詞用單數形式，如就其中的各個成員來說，則謂語用復數形式。例如：

1）Hisfamilyisgoingtomove.

2）Hisfamilyareverywell.

3）Thepublicis/arerequestednottoleavelitterinthepark.

注：如這類詞后跟有定語從句時，定語從句的謂語動詞也遵循概念一致的原則，強調具體成員時，謂語動詞用復數，關系代詞用who;強調整體時，謂語動詞用單數，關系代詞用which。例如：

1）Thegovernmentwhowereresponsibleforthiseventattemptedtofindasolution.

2）Thegovernmentwhichwasresponsibleforthiseventattemptedtofindasolution.

(2)有些表示總稱意義的名詞，形式上是單數，而意義上卻是復數，謂語動詞要用復數形式，如people,police,militia,cattle,poultry（家禽）等。例如：

1）Cattlewereallowedtograzeonthevillagecommon.

2）Thepolicearesearchingforatalldarkmanwithabeard.(3)有些名詞形式上是復數，而意義上卻是單數。如news,means,works.還有許多以ics結尾的學科名稱，如economics,physics,mechanics,politics等，它們作主語時，謂語動詞要用單數形式。例如：

1）Politicsisacomplicatedbusiness.

2）Hereisthenews.(4)用and連接的單數主語，前面有each,every,manya,no等修飾時，謂語動詞要用單數形式。復數主語與each連用時，應不受each的影響，謂語動詞仍用復數形式。例如：

1)Eachpenandeachpaperisfoundinitsplace.

2)Everyboyandgirlistreatedinthesameway.

3)Manyaboyandmanyagirlhasseenit.

4)Theoldworkersandtheyoungeachhavetheirowntools.(5)表示重量、度量、衡量、價值的復數名詞作主語，謂語動詞常用單數形式。例如：

1)Twentymilesisalongwaytowalk.

2)Threepintsisn’tenoughtogetmedrunk.

(6)國家、單位和書報的名稱，作為一個單一的概念，其謂語動詞要用單數形式。例如：

1）WarandPeaceisthelongestbookI’veread.

2）GeneralMotorshasrecentlycloseddownaplant.(通用汽車公司最近關閉了一家工廠。)

3.毗鄰一致（就近原則）(1)由連詞or,neither…or,either…or,notonly…also,nor等連接的并列主語，謂語動詞的單復數形式按毗鄰一致的原則，與貼近它的主語一致。例如：

1)Heoryouhavetakenmypen.

2)Eitheryouorheisnotellingthetruth.

3)Notonlytheswitchesbutalsotheoldwiringhasbeenchanged.(2)在therebe的結構中，謂語動詞的單復數形式一般也采取就近原則。例如：

1)Thereisadeskandfourbenchesintheoffice.

2)Therearetwochairsandadeskintheoffice.二、代詞指代一致

指代一致是指句中的代詞應該在人稱、數、性等方面與所指的詞保持一致。1.人稱一致

(1)當代詞指代名詞或另一個代詞時，須在人稱上與所指代的詞保持一致。例如：

1）Irecognizedoneofthegirls,butIdidn’tspeaktoher.

2)Thatwomansaidthatshewasoverfifty.

3)Theyaskedwhomtheyshouldapplyto.(2)當代詞指代集合名詞時，用單數人稱代詞強調整體，用復數人稱代詞強調個人。例如：

1)Thecommitteehavediscussedtheirreportonthedisaster.

2)Theaudienceareraisingtheirhandstosignifytheirapproval.(3)當everyone,everybody,noone,nobody,anyone,anybody,someone,somebody等作主語時，相應的代詞一般采用單數形式。例如：

1)Ifanyonecalls,tellhimI’llbebacklater.

2)Everyonethinksheisth