全文翻譯全文翻譯IntroductionThedigestiveorgastrointestinaltract(GItract)beginswiththemouth,wherefoodentersthebody,andendswiththeanus,wheresolidwastematerialleavesthebody.IItcontainstheorgansinvolvedintheingestionandothercomponentsinvolvedinthedigestionoffood.Theorgansknownastheaccessorydigestiveglandsaretheliver,gallbladderandpancreas,whichaidintheprocessingoffoodandnutrients.Othercomponentsincludethemouth.salivaryglands,tongue,teethandepiglottis.Theprimaryfunctionsofthedigestivesystemare:ingestion,digestion,absorptionandelimination.(GI從食物進入身體的口腔開始，到固體廢物離開身體的肛門結束。它:攝取、消化、吸收和消除。AnatomyandPhysiologyofDigestiveSystemTheTeethTheteetharehardorgansfoundalongtheanteriorandlateraledgesofthemouth.Eachtoothismadeofabone-likesubstancecalleddentinandcoveredinalayerofenamel-thehardestsubstanceinthebody.Theteetharedesignedforcuttingandgrindingfoodintosmallerpiecesandarenamedaftertheirparticularrolesintheprocessofmasticationincisorsforcuttingorbitingoffpiecesoffood;caninesfortearing;premolarsandmolarsforchewingandgrinding.消化系統的解剖學和生理學牙齒是位于口腔前部和外側邊緣的硬器官。每顆牙齒都是由一種叫做牙本質的類骨物質組的碎片，并根據它們在咀嚼過程中的特殊作用而命名：用于撕裂的犬齒;前臼齒和用于咀嚼和研磨的臼齒。TheTongueThetongueislocatedontheinferiorportionofthemouthjustposteriorandmedialtotheteethItiscoveredbymanyroughpapillaeforgrippingfoodasitismovedbythetongue'smuscles.Italsohelpstopushfoodtowardtheposteriorpartofthemouthforswallowing.肌肉移動時用來抓取食物。它也有助于把食物推向口腔后部吞咽。ThePalateThepalateishardatthefrontofthemouthsincetheoverlyingmucosaliscoveringaplateofbone;beingmadeofmuscleandconnectivetissue,itissofterandmorepliableattheback,anditcanmovetoswallowfoodandliquids.Thesoftpalateendsattheuvula.Posteriorlyitisconnectedwiththemucousmembranecoveringthefloorofthenasalcavity.在鼻腔底部的粘膜相連。TheSalivaryGlandsThesalivaryglandsplayanimportantroleinthemaintenanceofdentalhealthandgeneralmouthlubrication.Therearethreepairsofmainsalivaryglandsandbetween800and1,000minorsalivaryglands,allofwhichmainlyservethedigestiveprocess,withoutwhichspeechwouldbeimpossible.1000個次要唾液腺，它們主要用于消化過程，沒有它們就不可能說話TheEsophagusTheesophagus,amusculartubeconnectingthepharynxtothestomach,carriesswallowedmassesofchewedfoodalongitslength,whichispartoftheupperGItract.Attheinferiorendoftheesophagusisamuscularringcalledtheloweresophagealsphincterorcardiacsphincter,thefunctionofwhichistocloseofftheendoftheesophagusandsqueezefoodinthestomach.食道末端，擠壓胃中的食物。ThestomachThestomachisaJ-shapedorganjoinedtotheesophagusatitsupperendandtotheduodenumatitslowerend.Inanaverageperson,thestomachisaboutthesizeoftheirtwofistsplacednexttoeachother.Itisdividedintofoursections:cardiacregion,fundus,bodyorcorpusandpyloricregion.Gastricacidplaysavitalroleinthedigestiveprocess.Asthesechemicalswoulddamagethestomachwall,mucusissecretedbyinnumerablegastricglandsinthestomach,toprovideaslimyprotectivelayeragainstthedamagingeffectsofthechemicals.Meanwhiletheproteinisbeingdigested,mechanicalchurningoccursthroughperistalsis,wavesofmuscularcontractionsthatmovealongthestomachwall.Thisallowsthemassoffoodtofurthermixwiththedigestiveenzymes.Thepylorusorpyloricregioncontainscountlessglandswhichsecretedigestiveenzymesincludinggastrin.Afteranhourortwoofdigestion,athicksemi-liquidcalledchymeisproduced.Whenthepyloricsphincter,orvalveopens,chymeenterstheduodenumwhereitmixesfurtherwithdigestiveenzymesfromthepancreas,andthenpassesthroughthesmallintestine,wheredigestioncontinues.胃是一個j形的器官，其上端與食道相連，下端與十二指腸相連。一般人的胃大約是兩個緊TheSmallIntestineThesmallintestineismainlyresponsibleforabsorptionofthenutrients.ThelowerGItract,includingthesmallintestineandthelargeintestine,startsatthepyloricsphincterofthestomachandfinishesattheanus.Itisalong,thintubeabout3cmindiameterandabout5to7mlong.Itislocatedjustinferiortothestomachandtakesupmostofthespaceintheabdominalcavity.Theentiresmallintestineiscoiledlikeahoseandtheinsidesurfaceisfullofmanyridgesandfoldswhichareusedtomaximizethedigestionoffoodandabsorptionofnutrients.Whenfoodleavesthesmallintestine,around90%ofallnutrientshavebeenextracted.Thesmallintestineissubdividedintotheduodenum,thejejunumandtheileum.Theduodenum,ahollow,jointedC-shapedtubeconnectingthestomachtothejejunum,isthefirstandshortestsectionofthesmallintestine.Thejejunumcontainscircularfolds,flapsofdoubledmucosalmembranewhichpartiallyandsometimescompletelyencirclethelumenoftheintestine.Thesefoldsandvilliservetoincreasethesurfaceareaofthejejunum,enablinganincreasedabsorptionofdigestedsugars,aminoacidsandfattyacidsintothebloodstream.Thecircularfoldsalsoslowthepassageoffood,givingmoretimefornutrientstobeabsorbed.Thefinal,longest,andnarrowestsectionofthesmallintestineistheileum.Itsfunctionistoabsorbnutrientsfromfoodthathasbeendigestedinthestomachandtheduodenumandthejejunum.35790%c形中空管，是小腸的第一段，也是最短的一能是從食物中吸收已經在胃、十二指腸和空腸消化的食物中吸收營養物質。TheLargeIntestineThelargeintestine,along,thicktubeabout6cmindiameterandabout1.5mlong,islocatedjustinferiortothestomachandwrapsaroundthesuperiorandlateralborderofthesmallintestine.Itabsorbswaterandcontainsmanysymbioticbacteriathataidinthebreakingdownofwastestoextractsomesmallamountsofnutrients.Itisdividedintofiveparts:cecum,appendix,colon,rectumandanalcanal.Thececumisashort,pouch-likeregionofthelargeintestinethatdescendsfromtheunionoftheileumandthelargeintestine.Itassistsintheformationoffeces:receivingchymefromthelastpartofthesmallintestineandconnectingtotheascendingcolonofthelargeintestine.Itisalsothesiteoftheappendixattachment.Thecolonhasfourdivisions.Intheascendingcolon,bacteriadigestthetransitoryfecalmatterinordertoreleasevitamins.Theintestinalwallabsorbswater,nutrients,andvitaminsfromthefecesanddepositsthesematerialsintoourbloodstream.Thetransversecolonisthelongestregionofthecolonandislocatedbetweentheascendingcolonanddescendingcolon.Itisnamedforthefactthatitcrossestheabdominalcavitytransverselyfromtherightsidetoleftsidejustbelowthestomach.Muchoftheabsorptionandfecesformationtakesplaceinthetransversecolon,makingitaveryimportantregionofthedigestivesystem.Thedescendingcolonisthethirdandpenultimatesegmentofthecolon.Ittransportsfecesfromthetransversecoloninferiorlyalongtheleftsideoftheabdominalcavitytothesigmoidcolon.Thewallsofitabsorbwateraswellasremainingnutrientsandvitaminsfromthefeces,depositingthesevaluablesubstancesintoourbloodstream.Thesigmoidcolonisacurved,S-shapedregionandisthefinalsegmentofthecolon.Ittransportsfecalmatterfromthedescendingcolontotherectumandanus.Fecesarestoredinthesigmoidcolonuntiltheyarereadytobeeliminatedfromthebodythroughtheanalcanal.Theintestinalwallofthesigmoidcolonalsoplaysasmallroleintheabsorptionofwater,nutrientsandvitaminsfromfeces.Rectumisashort,musculartubethatformsthelowestpartofthelargeintestineandconnectsittotheanus.Theanalcanalisbetweenrectumandanus.Itisopenonlyduringdefecation;atothertimesitiskeptclosedbythemusclesoftheanalsphincter.大腸是一根長而粗的管，直徑約6厘米，長約1.5米，位于胃的正下方，環繞著小腸的上緣和外側緣。它吸收水分，并含有許多共生細菌，幫助分解廢物，提取少量營養物質。:從值的物質儲存到我們的血液中。乙狀結腸是一個彎曲的sTheLiverTheliverisaroughlytriangularaccessoryorganlocatedtotherightofthestomach,justinferiortothediaphragmandsuperiortothesmallintestine.Itweighsabout3poundsandisthesecondlargestorganinthebody.Theliverhasmanydifferentfunctionsinthebody,butthemajorfunctionoftheliverindigestionistheproductionofbileanditssecretionintothesmallintestine.重約3TheGallbladderThegallbladder,asmall,pear-shapedorganlocatedjustposteriortotheliver,whichisusedtostoreandrecycleexcessbilefromthesmallintestinesothatitcanbereusedforthedigestionofsubsequentmeals.后續食物的消化。ThePancreasThepancreasisalargeglandlocatedjustinferiorandposteriortothestomach.Itisabout6incheslongandshapedlikeshort,lumpysnakewithits"head"connectedtotheduodenumandits"tail"pointingtotheleftwalloftheabdominalcavity.Thepancreassecretesdigestiveenzymesintothesmallintestinetocompletethechemicaldigestionoffoods.重點句式6重點句式ShapeThestomachisaJ-shapedorganjoinedtotheesophagusatitsupperendandtotheduodenumatitslowerend.胃是一個j形的器官，其上端與食管相連，下端與十二指腸相連。Theduodenum,ahollow,jointedC-shapedtubeconnectingthestomachtothejejunum,isthefirstandshortestsectionofthesmallintestine.十二指腸是連接胃和空腸的C形中空管，是小腸的第一段，也是最短的一段。Thececumisashort,pouch-likeregionofthelargeintestinethatdescendsfromtheunionoftheileumandthelargeintestine.盲腸是大腸的一個小的袋狀區域，從回腸和大腸的連接處向下延伸。ThesigmoidcolonisacurvedS-shapedregionandisthefinalsegmentofthecolon.乙狀結腸是一個彎曲的sTheliverisaroughlytriangularaccessoryorganlocatedtotherightofthestomach,justinferiortothediaphragmandsuperiortothesmallintestine.肝臟是一個大致呈三角形的附屬器官，位于胃的右側，僅次于橫膈膜和小腸以上。Thegallbladder,asmall,pear-shapedorganlocatedjustposteriortotheliver,whichisusedtostoreandrecycleexcessbilefromthesmallintestinesothatitcanbereusedforthedigestionofsubsequentmeals.再用于消化隨后的食物。FormItisdividedintofoursectionscardiacregionfundusbodyorcorpusandpyloricregion.胃分為四個部分：幽門區，胃底，胃體和胃竇。ThelowerGItract,includingthesmallintestineandthelargeintestine,startsatthepyloricsphincterofthestomachandfinishesattheanus.下消化道，包括小腸和大腸，起于胃的幽門括約肌，止于肛門。Thesmallintestineissubdividedintotheduodenumthejejunumandtheileum.小腸又細分為十二指腸、空腸和回腸。Thejejunumcontainscircularfolds,flapsofdoubledmucosalmembranewhichpartiallyandsometimescompletelyencirclethelumenoftheintestine.空腸有環狀襞,雙層粘膜瓣部分,部分或有時完全包圍腸腔。Itisdividedintofivepartscecum,appendixcolonrectumandanalcanal.大腸分為盲腸、闌尾、結腸、直腸、肛管五個部分。Rectumisashort,musculartubethatformsthelowestpartofthelargeintestineandconnectsittotheanus.直腸是一個短的肌肉管，形成大腸的最低部，并連接肛門。Othercomponentsincludethemouthsalivaryglandstongueteethandepiglottis.其他組成成分包括嘴，唾液腺，舌頭，牙齒和會厭。Thesalivaryglandsplayanimportantroleinthemaintenanceofdentalhealthandgeneralmouthlubrication.它是由肌肉和結締組織組成的，背部更柔軟、更柔韌，可以移動來吞咽食物和液體Theesophagus,amusculartubeconnectingthepharynxtothestomach,carriesswallowedmassesofchewedfoodalongitslength,whichispartoftheupperGItract.大量咀嚼過的食物。FunctionAsthesechemicalswoulddamagethestomachwall,mucusissecretedbyinnumerablegastricglandsinthestomach,toprovideaslimyprotectivelayeragainstthedamagingeffectsofthechemicals.化學物質的破壞作用。Thepylorusorpyloricregioncontainscountlessglandswhichsecretedigestiveenzymesincludinggastrin.幽門或幽門區含有無數腺體，它們分泌包括促胃液素在內的消化酶。Theentiresmallintestineiscoiledlikeahoseandtheinsidesurfaceisfullofmanyridgesandfoldswhichareusedtomaximizethedigestionoffoodandabsorptionofnutrients.養物質。Thesmallintestineismainlyresponsibleforabsorptionofthenutrients.小腸主要負責吸收營養物質。Thesefoldsandvilliservetoincreasethesurfaceareaofthejejunum,enablinganincreasedabsorptionofdigestedsugars,aminoacidsandfattyacidsintothebloodstream.這些褶皺和絨毛的作用是增加空腸的表面積，從而促進血液中糖、氨基酸和脂肪酸的吸收。Itsfunctionistoabsorbnutrientsfromfoodthathasbeendigestedinthestomachandtheduodenumandthejejunum.回腸的功能是從食物中吸收已經在胃、十二指腸和空腸消化的食物中吸收營養物質。Itabsorbswaterandcontainsmanysymbioticbacteriathataidinthebreakingdownofwastestoextractsomesmallamountsofnutrients.大腸吸收水分，并含有許多共生細菌，幫助分解廢物，提取少量營養物質。Itassistsintheformationoffeces.回腸可以幫助促進糞便的形成。Theintestinalwallabsorbswater,nutrients,andvitaminsfromthefecesanddepositsthesematerialsintoourbloodstream.腸壁從糞便中吸收水分、營養物質和維生素，并將這些物質運送到我們的血液中。Theorgansknownastheaccessorydigestiveglandsaretheliver,gallbladderandpancreas,whichaidintheprocessingoffoodandnutrients.被稱為附屬消化腺的器官是肝臟、膽囊和胰腺，它們幫助消化食物和營養物質。Theprimaryfunctionsofthedigestivesystemare:ingestion,digestion,absorptionandelimination.消化系統的主要功能有:攝取、消化、吸收和消除。Itiscoveredbymanyroughpapillaeforgrippingfoodasitismovedbythetongue'smuscles.Italsohelpstopushfoodtowardtheposteriorpartofthemouthforswallowing.它被許多粗糙的乳頭覆蓋，當它被舌頭的肌肉移動時用來抓取食物。它也有助于把食物推向口腔后部吞咽。Thesalivaryglandsplayanimportantroleinthemaintenanceofdentalhealthandgeneralmouthlubrication.它是由肌肉和結締組織組成的，背部更柔軟、更柔韌，可以移動來吞咽食物和液體。allofwhichmainlyservethedigestiveprocesswithoutwhichspeechwouldbeimpossible.它們主要用于消化過程，沒有它們就不可能說話。thefunctionofwhichistocloseofftheendoftheesophagusandsqueezefoodinthestomach.食管括約肌其作用是關閉食道末端，擠壓胃中的食物。PositionItislocatedjustinferiortothestomachandtakesupmostofthespaceintheabdominalcavity.它位于胃的下方，占據