WeekFive美國歷史第五周

美國歷史第四講（2011-03-24）

Chapter18AgeoftheCity

1860---20%urbanpeople1860-1910urbanplacesfrom392to2,200WhatbroughtmillionsofpeopletothecitiesoftheUSinthoseyears?Howdidtheyprosperintheirnewhomes?ChapterReviewDuringtheGildedAgethenumberofcitiesinAmericagrewrapidly,andsodidthepopulationofindividualcities.duetoruralAmericansmovingfromthefarmsandvillagestothecitywelcomethenewarrivals?seenasalien(老外)incustomandinlanguagenon-northernEuropeansasinferiortosuggestliteracytest(文化考試)forincomingimmigrantsChineseexcludedin1882fromimmigration----thebill“ChineseExclusionAct1882”排華法案Immigration

1600-1790

TheimmigrantsfromGerman-speakingarea,France,theNetherlandsJewsfromtheNetherlandsandfromPolandimmigrantsfromtheBritishIsles,withEnglish,Scottish,Welsh,andIrishgravitatingThefirstEnglishcolonyin1607inJamestown,VirginiaBetween250,000and400,000Scots-IrishtoAmericainthe18thcenturyportareabeforeactuallyshippingout.

millionofimmigrantsHistoriansestimatethatfewerthan1millionimmigrants–perhapsasfewas400,000–crossedtheAtlanticduringthe17thand18thcenturies.Relativelyfew18th-centuryimmigrantscamefromEngland:Inaddition,betweenthe17thand19thcenturies,anestimated645,000AfricanswerebroughttowhatisnowtheUnitedBetween1850and1930about5millionGermansimmigratedtotheUnitedStateswithapeakintheyearsbetween1881and1885settledmostlyintheMidwest3.5millionBritishand4.5millionIrishenteredAmericaNativism(P.434)IntheUnitedStates,anti-immigrationviewshavealonghistory.ForawhileBenjaminFranklinhostiletoGermansincolonialPennsylvaniaTheprecedingpresident,JohnAdamslimitedtheabilityofimmigrants,especiallyradicalsfromFranceandIreland

Nativismmeansthosedescendedfromtheinhabitantsoftheoriginal13Englishcolonies.

nativistsobjectedprimarilytoIrishRomanCatholicsbecauseoftheirloyaltytothePopeandalsobecauseoftheirsupposedrejectionofrepublicanismasanAmericanidealIrishCatholicsAfter1840,IrishCatholicsarrivinginlargenumbersaswell,largelydrivenbyTheGreatHunger,aterriblefaminesome250,000peopleleftIrelandtosettleintheNewWorldalone,overaperiodofsome50yearsunlikesimilaremigrationthroughoutworldhistory,Irishwomenemigratedjustasoften,justasearly,andinthesamenumbersasmenTheIrishimmigrantsofthe1840sand1850sFrom1847to1854,over1.25millionIrishpeoplemovedtotheUnitedStatestoescapethefamineEasternEuropeansAfter1870Italians,Greeks,Hungarians,Poles,andothersspeakingSlaviclanguagesconstitutedthebulkofthismigrationand2.5to4millionJews"FromtheOldtotheNewWorld"showsGermanemigrantsboardingasteamerinHamburg,toNewYork.Harper’sWeekly,(NewYork)November7,1874theimmigrantsfromnorthernEuropeanregionssuchasEngland,ScandinaviaandGermanyFrenchCanadiansBetween1840and1930,about900,000FrenchCanadiansleftQuebectoimmigratetotheUnitedStatesandsettle,mainlyinNewEngland.GoldRush淘金熱By1849,peoplecomingtoCaliforniafromallovertheworldtolookforgoldcausedahugeincreaseinCalifornia'spopulationabout80,000gold-seekershopingtostrikeitrichthesemigrantsknownas"forty-niners"49年人NearlyeightypercentoftheseAmericansfromtheeast

Thefirstpeopletorushtothegoldfields1848theresidentsofCaliforniaEuropeanslivinginNorthernCalifornia,NativeAmericans

some

Spanish-speakingCaliforniansGoldminersexcavateariverbedChineseImmigrantsBetween1849and1853,about24,000youngChinesementoCalifornianotwelcomedplacedahighmonthlytaxonthemthetargetsofviolentattacksintheminingcampsThelegalsystemfavoredAmericansoverChineseandotherimmigrantsTruthVersusFiction

"TheChineseQuestion"TheFirstTranscontinentalRailroadChineselaborwasintegraltotheconstructionoftheTranscontinentalrailroadlinkedtherailwaynetworkoftheEasternUnitedStateswithCaliforniaonthePacificcoastthetwosectionsbeingmergedandceremoniallycompletedonMay10,1869atthefamous"goldenspike"eventatPromontorySummit,Utah.ItcreatedanationwidemechanizedtransportationnetworkthatrevolutionizedthepopulationandeconomyoftheAmericanWest

美國太平洋鐵路是美國近代工業化的標志性產物，這一壯舉宣告了美國大陸在經濟運行上開始連成一片，標志著美國經濟進入狂飆發展時期，并推動美國迅速崛起為聯結太平洋和大西洋的世界經濟大國，同時也表明中國的最初移民潮，對美國經濟的發展尤其是加利福尼亞等西部地區的崛起，做出了杰出貢獻。TheFirstTranscontinentalRailroadarailroadlinebuiltintheUnitedStatesofAmericabetween1863and1869bytheCentralPacificRailroadofCaliforniaandtheUnionPacificRailroad

ChineseRailroadWorkers'Memorial,Toronto

Thememorialwascompletedin1989.Itcommemorates17,000Chineseworkersimportedbetween1880and1885tohelpbuildtheCanadianPacificRailway,4,000ofwhomdiedonthejob.華工紀念碑1964年美國內華達州紀念建州100周年，建立了華工紀念碑，碑文寫道：“華人先驅，功彰績偉。開礦筑路，青史名垂”。州長還宣布今后每年的10月24日為“向華人先驅者致敬日”。1969年太平洋鐵路通車100周年時，美國猶他州立碑紀念，上面寫著“豐功偉績，橫貫美國。鐵路完成百周年，立此紀念。一九六九年五月十日。”

The"GoldenSpike"theceremonialfinalspikedriventojointherailsoftheFirstTranscontinentalRailroadacrosstheUnitedStatesconnectingtheCentralPacificandUnionPacificrailroadsonMay10,1869atPromontorySummit,UtahTerritory

《通往金道釘的鐵軌》

ByWilliamF.Chew,authorof“NamelessBuildersoftheTranscontinentalRailroad”原作者：趙耀貴（《美西大陸鐵路的無名建筑者》作者）ThePacificRailroad1867RacialtensionsincreasedasmoreandmoreChineseemigrated,occupiedjobs,andcreatedcompetitiononthejobmarketBy1882theChinese---hatedenoughtobebannedfromimmigratingtheChineseExclusionAct,initiallyonlyatenyearpolicy,extendedindefinitely,andmadepermanentin1902remainedquiet?TheChineseresentedtheideathattheywerebeingdiscriminatedagainstbutforthemostpart….ThecruelstereotypesPopularculturereadilyadoptedthecruelstereotypesandridiculedChineseAmericansinpictures,verbalexpressionsandmyths.ChineseAmericansweresooncategorizedwithNativeAmericansandAfricanAmericans,asinferiorpeoples.Whydiscriminated?為何排華？

DuringtheGoldRush,thousandsofAmericansfromtheEast,wheretheyhadopposedEuropeanimmigration,frequentlycamewithnativistattitudes.Andnon-Americanwhites(Irish,Russian),whohadsufferedfromEasternnativism,sawthatinattackingtheChinese,theyelevatedtheirown(shaky)status.以強凌弱Thus,Chineseimmigrantsfaceddiscriminationfrommanydifferentgroups,includingAmericanminers,whofeltthatthehard-workingandlow-paidChinesewerereducingtheirwages.DiscriminatedChineseWhentheWestexperiencedeconomicdifficulties,ChineseAmericanswereamongthefirsttobeattacked,verballyandphysically.Inaddition,territoriesandstatespasseddiscriminatorylaws.Thus,duringthefinanciallyunstable1870's,theChinesebecameanidealscapegoat:theywerestrangers,worequeues(pig-tails),kepttotheirownkind,andveryproductive.GovernorBigler—排斥華人的州長

(1805

–1871

）chargedChineseworkerswithbeingcontract“coolie”苦力laborers,avaricious,貪婪ignorantofmoralobligationsincapableofbeingassimilateddangeroustothepublicwelfareChinatown---synonymofbeingfilthy,dirty,crime,theft,poverty,violencesexualimmorality---engagedinthebusinessofimportingwomenwhomtheywouldprostitutetoothersforgainChinatown---synonymofbeingfilthy,dirty,crime,theft,poverty,violenceTheChineseExclusionAct1882signedbyChesterA.ArthuronMay8,1882,toimplementthesuspensionofChineseimmigrationabanthatwasintendedtolast10yearsrepealedbytheMagnusonActonDecember17,1943GeneralWinfieldScott

alsosupervisedremovaloftheCherokeestothetrans-Mississippiregionin1838.WinfieldScott(1786–1866)aUnitedStatesArmygeneralservedonactivedutyasagenerallongerthananyothermaninAmericanhistory

ChesterA.Arthur1829

–1886servedasthe21st

PresidentoftheUnitedStates(1881-1885)ThePendletonCivilServiceReformActafederallawestablishedin1883thatstipulatedthatgovernmentjobsshouldbeawardedonthebasisofmerit"TheFatherofCivilService"andafavorablereputationamonghistorians.TheArthurAdministrationenactedthefirstgeneralFederalimmigrationlawin1882Inresponsetoanti-ChinesesentimentintheWest,CongresspassedaChineseExclusionAct.vetoedthissteeprestrictiononthegroundsthatitviolatedtheBurlingameTreatyimmediatelydenouncedbynewspapersinCaliforniaacompromiserestrictionoftenyearswasproposed,Arthuragreedandsignedtherevisedbillnotfullyrepealeduntilsixty-oneyearslaterin1943,bywhichtimetheUSwasanallyofNationalistChinainthefightagainstJapanduringWorldWarII.Undersuchcircumstances,theActhadbecomeanembarrassmenttotheUS,necessitatingitsrepealAnti-Jewishriots反猶太浪潮(p.433)------Jews猶太人(p.433)TheHistoryofAmericanJewshasbeenpartofthenationalfabricsincecolonialtimes.Untilthe1830stheJewishcommunityofCharleston,SouthCarolinawasthemostnumerousinNorthAmerica.WiththelargescaleimmigrationofJewsfromGermanyinthe19thcentury,theyestablishedthemselvesinmanysmalltownsandcities.AmuchlargerimmigrationofEasternEuropeanJews,1880-1914,broughtalarge,poor,traditionalelementtoNewYorkCity.RefugeesarrivedfromEuropeafterWorldWarII,andmanyarrivedfromtheSovietUnionafter1970.TheportrayaloftheJewasaChristkiller.謀殺耶穌基督的劊子手thedevil,themurder,andtheCrucifixionwasengravedinthe17th-centuryfromFrankfurt.awell-dressed,verycontemporary-lookingJewhasmountedthepigbackwardandholdshertail,whileasecondJewsucksathermilkandathirdeatsherpoops糞便.Thehorneddevil,himselfwearingaJewishbadge,looksonandthemartyrdomofSimonofTrent,splayed四仰八叉asifonacross,appearsonapanelabove."SimonofTrent

SimonofTrent(1472–,1475)aboyfromthecityofTrento,Italywhosedisappearancewasblamedontheleadersofthecity'sJewishcommunitybasedontheirconfessionsundertorture,causingamajorbloodlibel

誹謗inEurope.Simon--thefocusofveneration崇敬膜拜forthelocalCatholicChurchThe'saint'eventuallyconsideredamartyrThecultsurviveduntil1965,when,inthewakeoftheHolocaust對猶太人的大屠殺,itwasabolishedbythePopediscriminatedagainstinemployment,membershipinclubsandorganizations,andintightenedquotasonJewishenrollmentandteachingpositionsincollegesanduniversitiesThefirstJewishtotheUnitedStateswereSephardicJewsthatwerefleeingpersecutionbyPortugueserulersinBrazil,around1654JewstomovetothesuburbswithmajorpopulationshiftsfromNewYorkandtheNortheasttoFloridaandCaliforniaremainedstronglyliberalheavilyDemocraticpatterncontinuedintothe21stcenturyAntisemitisminAmericaAntisemitismintheUnitedStatesrarelyturnedintophysicalviolenceagainstJewsmorenotablecasesofsuchviolence--theattackofIrishworkersandpoliceonthefuneralprocessionofRabbiJacobJosephinNewYorkCityin1902thelynchingofLeoFrankin1915themurderofAlanBergin1984theCrownHeightsriotsof1991CastleGarden(p.433)

ItwasafacilityestablishedatthetipofManhattanIslandbyNewYorkStateofficials.EllisIsland(p.433)OpenedonJanuary1,1892,EllisIslandbecamethenation's

premierfederalimmigrationstation.Inoperationuntil1954,thestationprocessedover12millionimmigrantsteamshippassengersopenedasamuseumonSeptember10,1990ItissituatedinJerseyCity,NewJerseyandNewYorkCity.Today,over40percentofAmerica'spopulationcantracetheirancestrythroughEllisIsland.StatueofLibertypresentedtotheUnitedStatesbythepeopleofFrancein1886StandingonLibertyIslandinNewYorkHarborcommemoratingthecentennialofthesigningoftheUnitedStatesDeclarationofIndependence

agestureoffriendshipfromFrancetotheUnitedStatesTheUrbanEnvironmentNewYorkStateTenementHouseActof1901tobantheconstructionofdark,poorlyventilatedtenementbuildingsinthestateofNewYork.CityLifeHarsh,dirty,congestedplacesOpensewerShoddilyconstructednewbuildingsDumbbelltenementsTheImmigrantAdjustment(p.438)HadtoabandonthefamiliarcustomsLearntosurviveinthevastimpersonalmetropolisAssimilatedtoAmericansocietyThe

PledgeofAllegianceTheOctober12,1892FrancisBellamyandJamesUpham

TheImmigrantAdjustment(p.438)

harshanddisruptivesocialenvironmentusedtobepoorruralpeasants,founditalienplacestoliveinunskilledorsemiskilledworkersTheIrishlaggedbehindThecrucialfactoraffectingtheimmigrants’economicprogresswasEDUCATION!!!TheJews----graduatedintotheranksofbusinessclass,theprofessionalclassPressureontheFamilygenerationgapencouragedbycitylifeSecondgeneration---differentworldvaluesAdolescencerevoltagainstparentalcontrolChildrenforcedtoworkatoddjobsWithfathersooftenabsent,theprocessofadjustingtoworkandadulthoodmoredifficultthaninearlierdaysWhendidChildLaborbegin?

IntheearlydaysoftheIndustrialRevolution,childlaborbecameamajorissueinthe19thcenturyandeventuallylegislationwaspassedthatbroughtittoanend.

TheKeating-OwenAct

In1916Congressmadeitsfirstefforttocontrolchildlabour

forbadefactories,shopsemployingchildrenunder14MargaretSanger(1879

–1966)anAmerican

sexeducator,birthcontrolactivistandthefounderoftheAmericanBirthControlLeague

forwomentohaveamore“equalfooting”insocietyandtohavephysicallyandmentallyhealthylivesneededtobeabletodecidewhenapregnancywouldbemostconvenientforthemselveswithoutbeingburdenedbythefearofpregnancybegantospeakoutfortheneedofwomentobecomeknowledgeableaboutbirthcontrolLegacyofSanger

acontroversialfigurewidelycreditedasaleaderofthemodernbirthcontrolmovementaniconicfigurefortheAmericanreproductiverightsmovements

pro-lifegroupscondemnSanger'sviews,attributinghereffortstopromotebirthcontroltoadesireto"purify"thehumanracethrougheugenicseventoeliminateminorityracesbyplacingbirthcontrolclinicsinminorityneighborhoodsTheSalvationArmyTheSalvationArmyisanevangelical

Christianchurchknownforcharitableworkinoverahundredcountries.CityGovernmentTomilkthecitytreasureGovernedbyaconfusedjumbleofoverlappingagenciesKickbacksfromprivatecontractors吃回扣WilliamMarcyTweedThechaotic,aimlesspoliticalsystemofNewYorkWilliamTweed(p443)(1823–1878)widelyknownas"Boss"Tweed

anAmericanpoliticianmostnotableforbeingthe"boss"ofTammanyHall,theDemocraticParty

politicalmachine

playedamajorroleinthepoliticsof19thcenturyNewYorkCityandState

Goo-Goos(P444)Thegoo-goos,---goodgovernmentguys,inthe1890spoliticalgroupsfoundedinanerawhenurbanmunicipalgovernmentsintheUnitedStatesweredominatedbymachinepolitics.Goo-goossupportedcandidateswhowouldfightforpoliticalreform.Thetermwasfirstusedbytheirdetractors.政治改良派TammanyHall

坦慕尼協會（P444）knownastheSociety