1、Sierra Academy of Aeronautics IR GroundLesson 11Sierra Academy of Aeronautics TERPS (Terminal Instrument Approach Procedures):Guidelines for establishing safe procedures to descend from the enroute segment and altitudes to a relatively low altitude near a runway at your destinationTERPS (Terminal In

2、strument AppTwo general types of published instrument approaches:Precision: ILS, MLS, PAR, and GPS(?)Nonprecision: VOR, NDB, Localizer, ASR, and GPSTwo general types of publishedPrecisionNonprecisionPrecisionNonprecisionSegments of an instrument approach procedure (IAP):InitialIntermediateFinalMisse

3、d ApproachSegments of an instrument apprSegments of an instrument approach procedure (IAP):Segments of an instrument apprFeeder (or transition) Routes:Not an approach segment but provides a link between the enroute and approach structures. When shown, provides the course to be flown with published d

4、istance and minimum altitude.Feeder (or transition) Routes:Feeder (or transition) Routes:Feeder (or transition) Routes:Initial approach segment:Holding PatternDME ArcProcedure TurnRoute which intersects final approachPurpose is to provide a method for aligning your airplane with the approach course.

5、 This is accomplished by using:Begins at the initial approach fix (IAF) and usually ends where it joins the intermediate approach segmentInitial approach segment:HoldiCourse Reversal throughHolding PatternCourse Reversal throughHoldinCourse Reversal throughDME ArcCourse Reversal throughDME ArCourse

6、Reversal throughProcedure TurnCourse Reversal throughProcedCourse Reversal throughRoute which intersects final approach courseCourse Reversal throughRoute Course Reversal throughTeardrop ProcedureCourse Reversal throughTeardrIntermediate Approach Segment:Primarily to position your aircraft for the f

7、inal descent to the airport. Allows for final airspeed reduction, completion of checklists, and final review of approach procedures.Begins at the intermediate fix (IF) and ends at the beginning of the final approach segment.Intermediate Approach Segment:Intermediate Approach Segments: (cont.)If no I

8、F, the intermediate segment begins when you are proceeding inbound to the final approach fix (FAF) and aligned with the final approach course within the prescribed distance from the FAFNot all approaches have an intermediate approach segmentIntermediate Approach SegmentsExample of intermediate appro

9、ach segment:Example of intermediate approaExample of no intermediate approach segment:Example of no intermediate appFinal Approach Segment:Allows safe navigation to a point that may permit a safe descent to a landing.For precision approaches, begins where glide slope is intercepted at the minimum gl

10、ide slope intercept altitude.Final Approach Segment:Allows Final Approach Segment: (cont.)For nonprecision approaches, begins either at the FAF or a point where aligned with the final approach course.Final approach segment ends at designated missed approach point (MAP) or upon landing.MDA vs. DH (or

11、 DA)Final Approach Segment: (cont.Example of Final Approach SegmentExample of Final Approach SegmMissed Approach Segment:Allows safe navigation from MAP to a point where another approach can be attempted or a safe diversion to alternate airport is made.Begins at MAP and ends at a designated navaid o

12、r published fix.Missed Approach Segment:AllowsMissed Approach Segment: (cont.)For precision approaches, the MAP is reaching the DA on the glide slope.For nonprecision approaches, MAP occurs at a navaid, published fix, or after specified elapsed time from the FAFMissed Approach Segment: (contExample

13、of Missed Approach SegmentExample of Missed Approach SegChart LayoutJeppesen and NOS charts differ in how and where information depicted.Both publishers have made recent improvements in chart layout to ease “briefing” the procedure.Chart LayoutJeppesen and NOS c儀表飛行員地面課程Lesson課件11儀表飛行員地面課程Lesson課件11

14、Chart LayoutHeading Section:Procedure name indicates type of approach system used, minimum equipment required, and runway served when straight-in landing procedure exists.Procedure amendment number and date are used to verify latest procedure update.ILS RWY 12R. Amdt 20B 01155Chart LayoutHeading Sec

15、tion:PrPlan View:Displays “birds eye” view of entire approach.Shows only limited terrain and obstruction information. (Highest obstruction in bold on NOS charts)Reference points less then 400 AGL are usually not depicted.Scale, Enroute, and Feeder RingsPlan View:Displays “birds eyePlan View: (cont.)

16、Minimum Safe Altitude (MSA) provides 1,000 of obstruction clearance within 25 NM of the indicated facility. There may be as many as four sectors. Does not guarantee navigation or communication! Only used for emergencies or VFR operations.Segments and Feeder RoutesCourse ReversalFrequency Information

17、 and Special NotesPlan View: (cont.)Minimum SafePlan View: (cont.)Plan View: (cont.)儀表飛行員地面課程Lesson課件11儀表飛行員地面課程Lesson課件11Profile View:Shows approach in the vertical plane complete with flight path, minimum altitudes, step downs, missed approach procedure, limitations on course reversal, and TCH.Pro

18、file View:Shows approach inProfile View: (cont.)Step down fix vs. visual decent point (VDP)Step down allows descent to lower altitude or MDAVDP allows descent to runway for nonprecision approaches under special circumstances. (straight-in landing, visibility requirements)Profile View: (cont.)Step down儀表飛行員地面課程Lesson課件11儀表飛行員地面課程Lesson課件11Profile View: (cont.)Profile View: (cont.)Example of Visual Descent Point (VDP)Example of Visual Descent PoinExample of a Stepdown fixExample of a Stepdown fixAirport Sketch:Displays runway layout, runway dimensi